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Lyno Rey. Franz Sitjar. Ananta Swargiary. Nedeln Audley. Muhammad Asaduzzaman. Stratum Spinosum — Intercellular bridge. Stratum Basale — Deepest part where mitotic division happens.
Keratinocyte — Produces keratin; a protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Melanocyte — Produces melanin; a pigment that responsible for black and reddish color of skin.
Langerham Cells — For immunity against foreign bodies. Total views 12, On Slideshare 0. From embeds 0. Number of embeds 4. Downloads Shares 0.
Comments 0. Likes 6. You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later.
Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard. During adulthood, cells called stem cells become specialized in order to replace old and worn-out cells. One of the most fundamental questions in biology is how cells undergo specialization.
Although there are already known genes involved in the process of cell specialization, the exact process of how cells specialize remained unknown just until April The cell life cycle is composed of the interphase growth stage and either mitosis or meiosis division stage. Some cells continue to undergo cell cycle all throughout their lifespan while some terminate in a definite time period. Basically, it is during interphase that cells specialize and it is also during this phase that genes can be selectively activated or deactivated.
Xylem and Phloem. They have the xylem tissue that function to transport water from the roots to the leaves whereas the phloem for the transport of nutrients and organic substances from the leaves to the plant body.
In order to carry these functions out, the xylem vessels are consisted of both living plant cells with very thick cell wall and dead cells. On the other hand, the phloem is made up of living cells that are arranged in columns. Root Hair Cells. As their name suggests, root hair cells are cells located in the minute projections in the roots of plants. Basically, these structures function to increase absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. In general, these cells are characterized by having a large surface area which then increases surface area for absorption.
In addition to that, these cells also contain a lot of mitochondria that sustain the high energy requirement for active transport. Red Blood Cells. Generally, all blood cells come from undifferentiated stem cells in the bone marrow which then develop to form specialized blood cells. For one, red blood cells also referred to as erythrocytes are a specialized type of blood cells that are characterized by their lack of nucleus.
Inside their cytoplasm , they have the pigment hemoglobin which can combine with oxygen, resulting to the formation of oxyhemoglobin. It is believed that the lack of nucleus in the red blood cells is an adaptation to accommodate more hemoglobin, thus resulting to more transported oxygen.
Muscle Cells. Another specialized cells in animals are the muscle cells which generally have spindle-shaped cell body containing numerous mitochondria. Such specialization enables the muscle cells to perform their function during the contraction and relaxation of muscles in order to produce movements.
Segregated Foxc2, NFATc1 and Connexin expression at normal developing venous valves, and connexin-specific differences in the valve phenotypes of Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47 knockout mice. Genes regulating lymphangiogenesis control venous valve formation and maintenance in mice. Miteva, D. Transmural flow modulates cell and fluid transport functions of lymphatic endothelium.
Morbiducci, U. Atherosclerosis at arterial bifurcations: evidence for the role of haemodynamics and geometry. Ramirez-Bergeron, D. Hypoxia affects mesoderm and enhances hemangioblast specification during early development. Pavlova, N. The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism.
Zecchin, A. Reversible acetylation regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 activity. Guarani, V. Jang, C. A branched-chain amino acid metabolite drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes insulin resistance. Vegran, F. Cancer Res. Ruan, G. Phoenix, T. Medulloblastoma genotype dictates blood brain barrier phenotype.
Cancer Cell 29 , — Park, D. Kizhatil, K. Schlemm's canal is a unique vessel with a combination of blood vascular and lymphatic phenotypes that forms by a novel developmental process. Souma, T. Angiopoietin receptor TEK mutations underlie primary congenital glaucoma with variable expressivity. Stockton, R. Cerebral cavernous malformations proteins inhibit Rho kinase to stabilize vascular integrity.
Maddaluno, L. EndMT contributes to the onset and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations. Mleynek, T. Lack of CCM1 induces hypersprouting and impairs response to flow. Renz, M. Regulation of beta1 integrin-Klf2-mediated angiogenesis by CCM proteins. Cell 32 , — Cuttano, R. KLF4 is a key determinant in the development and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations. Zhou, Z. Boulday, G.
Developmental timing of CCM2 loss influences cerebral cavernous malformations in mice. Park, S. Real-time imaging of de novo arteriovenous malformation in a mouse model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Corti, P. Interaction between alk1 and blood flow in the development of arteriovenous malformations. Laux, D. Circulating Bmp10 acts through endothelial Alk1 to mediate flow-dependent arterial quiescence.
Rochon, E. Alk1 controls arterial endothelial cell migration in lumenized vessels. Connell, F. The classification and diagnostic algorithm for primary lymphatic dysplasia: an update from to include molecular findings. Brouillard, P. Genetics of lymphatic anomalies. Wang, B. Ding, B. Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration.
Hu, J. Endothelial cell-derived angiopoietin-2 controls liver regeneration as a spatiotemporal rheostat. Divergent angiocrine signals from vascular niche balance liver regeneration and fibrosis. Nature , 97— Age-dependent modulation of vascular niches for haematopoietic stem cells. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: II.
Representative vascular beds. LeCouter, J. Klein, D. Wnt2 acts as a cell type-specific, autocrine growth factor in rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells cross-stimulating the VEGF pathway. Hepatology 47 , — Ulvmar, M. Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin. Nurmi, H. VEGF-C is required for intestinal lymphatic vessel maintenance and lipid absorption. A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules.
This study identifies lymphatic vessels in the meninges and demonstrates their role in draining cerebrospinal fluid and immune cells from the brain, thus challenging the immune-privileged status of the CNS. Louveau, A. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. This study, together with reference , identifies lymphatic vessels in the meninges and demonstrates their role in draining cerebrospinal fluid and immune cells from the brain, thus challenging the immune-privileged status of the CNS.
Somatic mutations in angiopoietin receptor gene TEK cause solitary and multiple sporadic venous malformations. Vikkula, M. Vascular dysmorphogenesis caused by an activating mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2. Cell 87 , — Soblet, J. Finegold, D. Truncating mutations in FOXC2 cause multiple lymphedema syndromes. Fang, J. Mutations in FOXC2 MFH-1 , a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome.
Gallione, C. Lancet , — Johnson, D. Mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. McAllister, K.
Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Sahoo, T. Liquori, C. Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein containing a phosphotyrosine-binding domain cause type 2 cerebral cavernous malformations. Laberge-le Couteulx, S.
Bergametti, F. Mutations within the programmed cell death 10 gene cause cerebral cavernous malformations. Download references.
There is much outstanding work in the field that could not be cited in this Review owing to space constraints and so the authors ask the forbearance of their colleagues. The authors thank M. Fiedler for assistance with the artwork. The work of T. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Sheet-like extracellular matrix structure that separates endothelium from the underlying tissue.
A selective permeability barrier that restricts the passage of solutes from the circulating blood to the brain. Intercellular junctional complexes that are composed of claudins, occludin and junctional adhesion molecules, and that function as diffusion barriers.
Adhesive structures that are formed through the association of cadherins, which link actin filaments between cells. Endothelial cell precursor cells that differentiate from the mesoderm and form the first embryonic blood vessels. The middle layer of the three germ layers in the early embryo, which forms connective tissues including endothelium and muscle.
Early descendants of stem cells that can divide a limited number of times and can differentiate into a few cell types. Specialized endothelial cells present in certain embryonic blood vessels, which can give rise to haematopoietic cells during a restricted window of development. An oxygen-independent metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate to generate energy and biomass precursors.
A catabolic process in mitochondria during which fatty acids are broken down to generate substrates for the tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle and the electron transport chain. A transient midline structure that forms in chordate embryos, and which provides signals for the patterning of the surrounding tissues. Coating of the apical surface of endothelial cells, which is composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins and which has a role in mechanotransduction, signalling, haemostasis and blood cell interactions.
A group of eye diseases that is caused by damage to the optic nerve and that results in loss of vision. Reprints and Permissions. Vascular heterogeneity and specialization in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18, — Download citation. Published : 24 May Issue Date : August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
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